Tuesday, February 16, 2010

Radiation Therapy

A second kind of cancer treatment is radiation therapy. In this case we use high energy coming out of a radiation generator to create a release of energy within the patient’s DNA. Comparing this kind of treatment with surgery, radiation is going to give us excellent control of those microscopic margins, because we aim it in the area where the primary tumor is located, but also is going to have a wider spectrum. As opposed to surgery, radiation is not invasive and it has very few side effects and does kill cells. The problem is, though, you still need a target tumor, just as with surgery. We have to know where we are aiming it. You cannot radiate the whole body.

Also, you only get one lifetime anatomic dose. Once you have full therapeutic radiation, you can never have it again no matter how many years later. You’ve done enough damage to the blood vessels. If you radiate again on that area, probably you’ll cause death of any of the tissue you radiate.

Radiation doesn’t handle bulk very well. It needs a small amount of tumor cells, unlike surgery. It might be a good complement to surgery, however. Surgery handles the margins poorly, radiation handles them well.

The primary goal of radiation therapy is the injury to the cancer cells’ DNA. The wavelength used is such that radiation can cause a break in the DNA chain. The idea, however, is not to fry the cell. If you’re going to fry cells, you’re going to fry all the cells radiation goes through.

What we’re looking for with radiation therapy is to get the cancer cells to lose reproductive ability. We want the cell not to die because you boiled it up like an egg, but to make it so that when it tries to reproduce it just can’t. That may take several cell divisions before it falls apart, and that’s why radiation may take so long to show results. These cells have to go through a certain number of attempts to replicate before they finally die. Here we are making use of the fact that the fast-replicating cells are the cancer cells, so they are the ones dying. Most of our cells are resting, not replicating, so they are not going to feel the effect of radiation.

The dosages used are usually 5000 Rads or 50 Gray to a specific are, for example the whole breast. If you want to compare that with diagnostic radiation, a mammogram would be about 1 rad.

There are some cases of tumors induced by radiation therapy, but not nearly as many as other sources of radiation.

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